Three approaches of theism, atheism and agnosticism have been the focus of the philosophy of religion with a great deal of controversies. Adherents of each one try to overcome the opposing argument and to prove its own claim. One of the necessary predispositions for arbitration between these claims is determining the dominant pattern and evaluation criteria among which evidentialism, fideism, reformed epistemology, and advisable and pragmatist approaches are considered as examples of these criteria. Virtueoriented epistemology is a modern approach highlighting the function of rational virtues in epistemic value of the beliefs. According to this approach, it is known that the way of connecting belief to truth is the fact that it is originated from practicing rational virtues. Therefore, to evaluate epistemic value of every belief, the quality and quantity of the mentioned virtues in the operating epistemic process should be detected. Having an overall investigation on the prevalent types of arbitration between theism and atheism and also providing a short report on virtue-oriented epistemology narrated by Zagzebski, the paper intends to show epistemic value of believing in God against the lack of it based on the mentioned approach.

Introduction: Arbitration has a contractual nature and is subject to the sovereignty of the will of the parties, but in some cases, the legislator imposed the referral of claims to arbitration on the will of the parties and caused the contractual nature of the arbitration clause to disappear or be limited. By doing this, he has placed the arbitration outside the will of the parties. This issue causes some moral conflicts in the discussion of compulsory arbitration. Therefore, this research has been done with the purpose of examining the position of compulsory arbitration in Iran's legal system and the ethical challenges in it with a descriptive-analytical approach. Material and Methods: The research was a review method, in order to achieve the goal of the research, in addition to electronic education books and virtual education in this field, articles related to the research keywords from 2004 to 2022 from the databases of Civilica, Magiran, Sid, Researchgate, Science direct, was reviewed Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that compulsory arbitration in Iran has ethical challenges in the field of implementation and interpretation, the most important of which is the issue of the right to action and judicial justice. In the context of ambiguities in mandatory arbitration, even if the method of arbitration becomes ambiguous, the arbitrator has the duty to find out the will of the legislator with the principles and rules of interpretation, which creates a moral conflict for the arbitrator.

According to the prevalent account of modernity, its essence is autonomy and the rejection of all authorities, including religious authorities. This account also argues that testimony as a source of knowledge and justification differs fundamentally from authority. In other words, it argues that accepting testimony as a source of knowledge and justification does not imply accepting others' authority and does not contradict modern rationality and epistemic autonomy. This view has significant implications for religious epistemology. This article shows that the above concept of modernity is incorrect by using the statements of modern classical philosophers. Then it criticizes the distinction between testimony and authority. Any belief based on testimony is intrinsically dependent on the source's authority; thus, one cannot separate them. The article then presents two other significant criticisms of the idea of autonomy suggested by contemporary epistemologists. The conclusion is that the idea of autonomy is not justifiable and that accepting another authority under certain conditions is not in conflict with rationality, but rationality demands it.

Today arbitration centers offer significant services in context of arbitration. Offered services in centers are not identical, some of centers may perform different activity than others. One of major activities of arbitration centers is scrutiny of the arbitration proceeding. In centers such as the ICC Court of Arbitration and ICSID also scrutiny of the ward take place. Scrutiny of ICC Court take place to draft ward and for issues of form, the tribunal is obliged to follow the Court suggestion. In ICSID scrutiny is an quasi-judicial oversight and center has the right of review and annulment of arbitration award. In this article we will examine the question of whether this type of monitoring is to intervene in the arbitration tribunal or national courts proceeding.

Mehdi Golshani has argued that religious beliefs not only direct scientific researches and the applications of science, but have a key role in justification and assessment of fundamental scientific theories. Mikael Stenmark agrees with Golshani only upon the first claim, but has his counterarguments against his second averment. In this article, attempts have been made to demonstrate that the non-epistemic values, such as religious ones, have an indirect role in assessing scientific theories. To do that, the thesis of transient underdetermination and its use in the case of quantum mechanics with the standard interpretation and Bohmian mechanics will be employed.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to predict coping strategies based on epistemic trust and epistemic credulity in adolescents.Method: The current research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of method. The statistical population of the present study included all adolescents aged 15 to 18 years who referred to the counseling centers of districts 1 to 5 of Tehran. Therefore, the sample size of the study was determined based on Morgan's table and taking into account the probability of statistical drop and for more certainty, 250 people. For the purpose of sampling, the statistical sample of the research was selected by referring to counseling centers and child and adolescent psychology clinics. The tools used to collect information included the cognitive credulity questionnaire of Campbell et al. (2021) and the coping strategies questionnaire of Lazarus (1988). In this research, the collected data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software, Pearson's correlation coefficient and univariate regression analysis.Findings: The results of regression analysis showed that cognitive trust can predict 10.6% of problem-oriented coping strategies and cognitive credulity can predict 10.2% of emotion-oriented coping strategies of the statistical sample of the study (p<0.01). It also showed that cognitive trust can predict problem-oriented coping strategies with a beta coefficient of 0.16 and cognitive credulity can significantly and directly predict emotion-oriented coping strategies with a beta coefficient of 0.15 (p < 0.01).Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that coping strategies can be predicted based on epistemic trust and epistemic credulity.

Just and essential proceedings by the considering authority requires to comply with trial principles, a matter that has been accepted by the Judicial Authorities. In the Arbitration Authorities also due to Judicial function of arbitration work the observance of trial principles is necessary contrary to arbitration formalities. One of the principles binding by the Arbitration Authority is the acceptance of lodging counterclaim by the respondent. Comparative study shows that unlike other countries that legislated this matter, in Iran not only the legislator but also jurists did not pay noteworthy attention to this topic. Regarding the counterclaim in arbitration it is to be said that this claim is admissible when it is in the scope of arbitration agreement or clause. In addition to the conditions of counterclaim the said claim is acceptable when there does not exist its barriers. Set-off also is dependent on the claim and with restitution of claim the set-off is discarded. Moreover, the mere restitution of original claim will not render the termination of counterclaim which is under consideration.

Big data is an important achievement of the ICT revolution. In this article, big data is considered in terms of its impact on scientific research and the epistemology of knowledge. There are two main trends in this matter: one is that such a phenomenon leads to the abandonment of theory from research processes, and the other considers the role of theories to be still effective. What we consider regarding the epistemological transformation caused by big data is somewhat different from what is stated in the relevant literature. Of course, it was presented in the critical analysis of researchers' points of view. Now we summarize it as follows: 1-The traditional division of disciplines has lost its importance or at least has been weakened due to the ocean of data. Data is independent of the field, and therefore interdisciplinary cooperation in the “agnostic” situation of science might be irrelevant. Of course, we are not of the agnostic belief that theory has lost its importance in the big-data age, as Chris Anderson claims in his article “The End of Theory: The Data Deluge Makes the Scientific Method Obsolete”. But without this agnostic approach, we can also accept that the role of theories, at least at the level of description, is greatly reduced, and therefore we can accept that data analysis is possible without disciplinary affiliation, and as a result, interdisciplinary collaborations are also shaky. 2-Data-driven science increases the role of correlation compared to causal theories and increases the role of researcher decision-making in the application of knowledge.   Application means that a correlation is functionally important without depending on a specific discipline, and it can be used independently of any discipline,only to solve problems. The problems are not within the disciplines, but are located in the real world and impose themselves on us independently of the theories and disciplines. To solve a problem, numerous disciplines can be considered. These different perspectives mean that “a problem” is not dependent on any of these perspectives (disciplines). The problem of inflation can be seen from the perspective of economics, social psychology, political science, etc. 3-Weakening the role of theory and discipline in scientific development opens another field for scientific activities. New actors enter into scientific activities to the extent possible to play a competitive role with traditional researchers in scientific development. While the methodological changes produced by big data do not seem to be sufficient to invoke an entirely new paradigm in knowledge discovery, the emergence of big data has profoundly shaped the actors involved and their relationships. Moreover, even, the transition of scientific authority is predictable. In the age of big data, the shift of scientific authority from researchers and scientists (the followers and holders of grand theorists) to technicians, digital businessmen, and even ordinary users of big data can be expected. According to Chang et al., categories of mass data have emerged, which are caused by interactions, economies, interactions of societies or nations, and interactions of individuals. Public access to these data and especially facilitating the use of information technology tools can enable a large number of non-professional users in the field of research even with basic knowledge of statistics and data analysis in the field of science production. It is useful to remember that before the appearance of statistical software such as SPSS and SAS, performing a statistical analysis requires familiarity with programming skills. With the development of this software, more researchers were able to perform statistical operations because programming skills were removed from this process. Similarly, increased access to big data and analytical technologies resulting from new tools enable more "people" to analyze data and discover correlations between data for personal or business purposes or socio-cultural interactions. The production of public knowledge by people who are considered unprofessional according to "academic standards" is an important aspect in the evolution of scientific epistemology in the age of big data and analytical tools of information technology. The aggregative and generalized structure of scientific activity (if such a structure is important anymore) which was done by professional researchers and scientists through the structures of knowledge sharing and reproduction, will be performed by the machine. Knowledge activity will be displaced from its traditional institutional context. This is why I say that the implicit structure of authority that has been created over time by scientists and researchers is disrupted by "new revolutionaries" in the world of science. The institution of power in the production of science becomes shaky, scattered, multipolar, and rather rebellious. The problem is that in the previous paradigms, a kind of hierarchical structure of power or authority or scientific authority had emerged. The new paradigm targets exactly this hierarchical structure. Everyone can observe the big data and make inferences from it: No prior expertise,not just without prior theory,in an "agnostic platform" and without dependence on any field or discipline,without aristocracy of epistemological knowledge or any other theory and with a disruption from previous scholars and scientists. 4-Massification of actors raises the question of whether the accumulative, aggregative, and evolutionary characteristics of science, as seen in the history of science, do not undergo a radical transformation. Doesn't it go out of its institutional context, i. e. the field of "academy"? Microsoft, Apple, Facebook, Telegram, WhatsApp and many others have come to the field of innovation by people whose original innovators were often not "scientists" in the conventional sense, and sometimes even dropped out of university. These initiatives and innovations have been the source of the growth of science. The result is that scientific evolution has come from the academic environment to the business environment. Science has become more dependent on the market than before, and the "dynamism" of the market has become the source of the "dynamism" of science. Information technology has provided such a platform by facilitating communication and combining various technologies to provide a context for mutual leap. Science is neither interdisciplinary nor disciplinary but non-disciplinary. This can disrupt the entire structure of science that has dominated since the Renaissance.